Blog
The latest news from Google AI
On-Device Conversational Modeling with TensorFlow Lite
Tuesday, November 14, 2017
Posted by Sujith Ravi, Research Scientist, Google Expander Team
Earlier this year, we launched
Android Wear 2.0
which featured the first
"on-device" machine learning
technology for smart messaging. This enabled cloud-based technologies like Smart Reply, previously available in
Gmail
,
Inbox
and
Allo
, to be used directly within any application for the first time, including third-party messaging apps, without ever having to connect to the cloud. So you can respond to incoming chat messages on the go, directly from your smartwatch.
Today, we announce
TensorFlow Lite
, TensorFlow’s lightweight solution for mobile and embedded devices. This framework is optimized for low-latency inference of machine learning models, with a focus on small memory footprint and fast performance. As part of the library, we have also released an
on-device conversational model
and a
demo app
that provides an example of a natural language application powered by TensorFlow Lite, in order to make it easier for developers and researchers to build new machine intelligence features powered by on-device inference. This model generates reply suggestions to input conversational chat messages, with efficient inference that can be easily plugged in to your chat application to power on-device conversational intelligence.
The on-device conversational model we have released uses a new ML architecture for training compact neural networks (as well as other machine learning models) based on a joint optimization framework, originally presented in
ProjectionNet: Learning Efficient On-Device Deep Networks Using Neural Projections
. This architecture can run efficiently on mobile devices with limited computing power and memory, by using efficient “projection” operations that transform any input to a compact bit vector representation — similar inputs are projected to nearby vectors that are dense or sparse depending on type of projection. For example, the messages
“hey, how's it going?”
and
“How's it going buddy?”
, might be projected to the same vector representation.
Using this idea, the conversational model combines these efficient operations at low computation and memory footprint. We trained this on-device model end-to-end using an ML framework that jointly trains two types of models — a compact
projection
model (as described above) combined with a
trainer
model. The two models are trained in a joint fashion, where the projection model learns from the trainer model — the trainer is characteristic of an expert and modeled using larger and more complex ML architectures, whereas the projection model resembles a student that learns from the expert. During training, we can also stack other techniques such as
quantization
or
distillation
to achieve further compression or selectively optimize certain portions of the objective function. Once trained, the smaller projection model is able to be used directly for inference on device.
For inference, the trained projection model is compiled into a set of TensorFlow Lite operations that have been optimized for fast execution on mobile platforms and executed directly on device. The TensorFlow Lite inference graph for the on-device conversational model is shown here.
TensorFlow Lite execution for the On-Device Conversational Model.
The open-source conversational
model
released today (along with
code
) was trained end-to-end using the joint ML architecture described above. Today’s release also includes a
demo app
, so you can easily download and try out one-touch smart replies on your mobile device. The architecture enables easy configuration for model size and prediction quality based on application needs. You can find a list of sample messages where this model does well
here
. The system can also fall back to suggesting replies from a fixed set that was learned and compiled from popular response intents observed in chat conversations. The underlying model is different from the ones Google uses for Smart Reply responses in its apps
1
.
Beyond Conversational Models
Interestingly, the ML architecture described above permits flexible choices for the underlying model. We also designed the architecture to be compatible with different machine learning approaches — for example, when used with TensorFlow deep learning, we learn a lightweight neural network (
ProjectionNet
) for the underlying model, whereas a different architecture (
ProjectionGraph
) represents the model using a
graph
framework instead of a neural network.
The joint framework can also be used to train lightweight on-device models for other tasks using different ML modeling architectures. As an example, we derived a ProjectionNet architecture that uses a complex feed-forward or recurrent architecture (like LSTM) for the trainer model coupled with a simple projection architecture comprised of dynamic projection operations and a few, narrow fully-connected layers. The whole architecture is trained end-to-end using backpropagation in TensorFlow and once trained, the compact ProjectionNet is directly used for inference. Using this method, we have successfully trained tiny ProjectionNet models that achieve significant reduction in model sizes (up to several orders of magnitude reduction) and high performance with respect to accuracy on multiple visual and language classification tasks (a few examples
here
). Similarly, we trained other lightweight models using our
graph learning framework
, even in
semi-supervised
settings.
ML architecture for training on-device models:
ProjectionNet
trained using deep learning (left), and
ProjectionGraph
trained using graph learning (right).
We will continue to improve and release updated TensorFlow Lite models in open-source. We think that the released model (as well as future models) learned using these ML architectures may be reused for many natural language and computer vision applications or plugged into existing apps for enabling machine intelligence. We hope that the machine learning and natural language processing communities will be able to build on these to address new problems and use-cases we have not yet conceived.
Acknowledgments
Yicheng Fan and Gaurav Nemade contributed immensely to this effort. Special thanks to Rajat Monga, Andre Hentz, Andrew Selle, Sarah Sirajuddin, and Anitha Vijayakumar from the TensorFlow team; Robin Dua, Patrick McGregor, Andrei Broder, Andrew Tomkins and the Google Expander team.
1
The released on-device model was trained to optimize for small size and low latency applications on mobile phones and wearables. Smart Reply predictions in Google apps, however are generated using larger, more complex models. In production systems, we also use multiple classifiers that are trained to detect inappropriate content and apply further filtering and tuning to optimize user experience and quality levels. We recommend that developers using the open-source TensorFlow Lite version also follow such practices for their end applications.
↩
Labels
accessibility
ACL
ACM
Acoustic Modeling
Adaptive Data Analysis
ads
adsense
adwords
Africa
AI
AI for Social Good
Algorithms
Android
Android Wear
API
App Engine
App Inventor
April Fools
Art
Audio
Augmented Reality
Australia
Automatic Speech Recognition
AutoML
Awards
BigQuery
Cantonese
Chemistry
China
Chrome
Cloud Computing
Collaboration
Compression
Computational Imaging
Computational Photography
Computer Science
Computer Vision
conference
conferences
Conservation
correlate
Course Builder
crowd-sourcing
CVPR
Data Center
Data Discovery
data science
datasets
Deep Learning
DeepDream
DeepMind
distributed systems
Diversity
Earth Engine
economics
Education
Electronic Commerce and Algorithms
electronics
EMEA
EMNLP
Encryption
entities
Entity Salience
Environment
Europe
Exacycle
Expander
Faculty Institute
Faculty Summit
Flu Trends
Fusion Tables
gamification
Gboard
Gmail
Google Accelerated Science
Google Books
Google Brain
Google Cloud Platform
Google Docs
Google Drive
Google Genomics
Google Maps
Google Photos
Google Play Apps
Google Science Fair
Google Sheets
Google Translate
Google Trips
Google Voice Search
Google+
Government
grants
Graph
Graph Mining
Hardware
HCI
Health
High Dynamic Range Imaging
ICCV
ICLR
ICML
ICSE
Image Annotation
Image Classification
Image Processing
Inbox
India
Information Retrieval
internationalization
Internet of Things
Interspeech
IPython
Journalism
jsm
jsm2011
K-12
Kaggle
KDD
Keyboard Input
Klingon
Korean
Labs
Linear Optimization
localization
Low-Light Photography
Machine Hearing
Machine Intelligence
Machine Learning
Machine Perception
Machine Translation
Magenta
MapReduce
market algorithms
Market Research
Mixed Reality
ML
ML Fairness
MOOC
Moore's Law
Multimodal Learning
NAACL
Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Understanding
Network Management
Networks
Neural Networks
NeurIPS
Nexus
Ngram
NIPS
NLP
On-device Learning
open source
operating systems
Optical Character Recognition
optimization
osdi
osdi10
patents
Peer Review
ph.d. fellowship
PhD Fellowship
PhotoScan
Physics
PiLab
Pixel
Policy
Professional Development
Proposals
Public Data Explorer
publication
Publications
Quantum AI
Quantum Computing
Recommender Systems
Reinforcement Learning
renewable energy
Research
Research Awards
resource optimization
Robotics
schema.org
Search
search ads
Security and Privacy
Self-Supervised Learning
Semantic Models
Semi-supervised Learning
SIGCOMM
SIGMOD
Site Reliability Engineering
Social Networks
Software
Sound Search
Speech
Speech Recognition
statistics
Structured Data
Style Transfer
Supervised Learning
Systems
TensorBoard
TensorFlow
TPU
Translate
trends
TTS
TV
UI
University Relations
UNIX
Unsupervised Learning
User Experience
video
Video Analysis
Virtual Reality
Vision Research
Visiting Faculty
Visualization
VLDB
Voice Search
Wiki
wikipedia
WWW
Year in Review
YouTube
Archive
2021
Jan
2020
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2019
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2018
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2017
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2016
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2015
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2014
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2013
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2012
Dec
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2011
Dec
Nov
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2010
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2009
Dec
Nov
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2008
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Jul
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
2007
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
Feb
2006
Dec
Nov
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
Apr
Mar
Feb
Feed
Follow @googleai
Give us feedback in our
Product Forums
.
